Outline current policies and legislation relating to children and how these affect your practice. free essay sample

Blueprint current strategies and enactment identifying with kids and how these influence your training. 1989 The Children Act States that the Local Authority has ‘a obligation to explore when there is sensible reason to speculate that a kid is su? ering, or is probably going to su? er, signi? cant harm’, area 47 The Welfare of the kid is vital with respect to his/her childhood. Parental rights obligations and commitments are sketched out. Arrangements are made in regards to cultivating, reception, kid disapproving and day care. When settling on government assistance choices, the courts are committed to mull over the Child’s wishes and emotions. Law changes are made, with respect to Community, Voluntary and Children’s homes and intentional associations. Each TA should know who the protecting official/s are in the school and should realize the proper approaches to speak with them. There ought to be information on protecting approaches and systems or if nothing else access to duplicates of the abovementioned. We will compose a custom exposition test on Blueprint current arrangements and enactment identifying with kids and how these influence your training. or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that there is sensible reason to presume an issue with a youngster at school, it is the obligation of a Teaching Assistant to report it to the suitable shielding official. 1999 Protection of Children Act Duty of Secretary of State to record names of individuals unacceptable for childcare work. All associations must allude to PoCA list while checking imminent workers. Made it an offense to utilize anybody on the PoCA list, regardless of whether previously utilized. A Teaching collaborator has an obligation to unveil any data in regards to some other workers or planned representatives to bosses. 2003 Hidden Harm Focused on offspring of guardians or watchmen with tranquilize/liquor addictions that cause genuine negative ramifications for themselves and their families. Encouraging Assistants ought to be recognizable or possibly approach clear direction on medicate related occurrences. TA’s have a duty to ensure that they, themselves, are sufficiently prepared in perceiving signs and potential signs of medication related disregard and general defending. It is the job of the TA to help with giving a positive school understanding. This, thus, will outfit the kid with the versatility to adapt to unfavorable life conditions. 2003 Every Child Matters Green Paper †distributed with the report into the passing of Victoria Climbe. Concentrate on supporting families and carers. Guarantees that intercessions happen before emergency point and furthermore that kids don't fall through the net. Recognizes basic issues related with the Victoria Climbe report. Guarantees individuals working with kids are esteemed and bolstered. â€Å"Every Child Matters recognizes that kids and youngsters can't adapt viably on the off chance that they don't have a sense of security, solid or glad, and that learning and prosperity go connected at the hip. † 2007 According to the ECM gauges, each individual from help staff ought to be prepared and upheld, used and urged to be fruitful in their work. Consequently, TA’s ought to have an effective acceptance, persistent expert turn of events, customary evaluations and have the option to look for on-going help. TA’s tend to work intimately with kids in a gathering or 1:1 limit. This is probably going to furnish a closer working relationship with the youngsters, permitting perceptions of conduct in class and a more prominent information on foundation, culture and family life. It is likewise the TA’s duty to realize the referral procedure as per the School’s Safeguarding Policy, if there is a doubt of a shielding issue. 2004 The Children Act Nominated Children’s Commissioner. Requests an arrangement of administrations with respect to private cultivating, Child disapproving/day care. Refreshed discipline enactment: Offense to hit a Child on the off chance that it causes mental damage or leaves an imprint on the skin. Withdraws area in 1989 Children Act in regards to sensible rebuke. Explicit arrangement for debilitated youngsters. Features the requirement for help staff to prepare with respect to the recognizable proof of potential indications of misuse. It is additionally important to be able to know when a given record of how a physical issue was supported doesn't count with the real injury. There is additionally a job for help staff to help with instructing students to secure themselves, in a specific way, against misuse or harassing. Cooperating to Safeguard Children 2006 Agencies and associations should cooperate, sharing data so as to offer compelling types of assistance to youngsters, grown-ups and their Carers. The above offices and associations have an obligation of care and duty regarding shielding and advancing the government assistance of kids. TA’s ought to know about possible signs of misuse. (Expressed under ‘Protection’) Be cautious in regards to the dangers that abusers or potential abusers cause to youngsters. Offer any data that might be helpful in appraisals made in regards to the child’s needs and conditions. Whenever asked, it is helpful for the TA to routinely participate in surveys and the creation of explicit plans. On the off chance that it is conceivable to work with the child’s guardians, there is a requirement for good relational abilities, utilizing unprejudiced language and lack of bias. Talk about the means you would take on the off chance that you had worries for the security and prosperity of a kid. When managing suspected physical, sexual, psychological mistreatment or disregard it is significant for each staff part, including bolster staff, to know about how to deal with the underlying contact with the youngster, in the event that there is any, and afterward the suitable announcing system. All schools will have a Safeguarding Policy that ought to be made effectively accessible for each individual from staff. As per the approach utilized for this activity, there are five simple strides to recall. Get If a kid needs to talk it is vital for he/she to have my quick consideration. On the off chance that this open door isn't taken the youngster may alter their perspective. I would need to listen eagerly and unobtrusively, with solace and compassion, permitting quiets where important. It is significant that I show no disavowal, stun or mistrust and that the youngster feels as meager duty as could be expected under the circumstances. Sadly, youngsters that experience misuse frequently grow up feeling mindful and reprimanding themselves for the maltreatment (2009) More significantly, I would need to pay attention to this issue extremely, regardless of whether I have no confirmation of legitimacy. Console It is essential that I ought to stay cool and made and that I stay unbiased, making no decisions yet giving some sympathy. It is essential that I don't make any guarantees of mystery to the kid, however consolation that solitary those that need to realize will be advised should be given. It is significant that the youngster realizes that they have settled on the correct choice in letting you know. Respond It is significant for me to avoid eruption. I am attempting to build up whether this is an issue that should be alluded or not. Overcompensation may cause the kid trouble. Basically, I ought to abstain from posing driving inquiries, and keep them open. Likewise, I ought to abstain from posing such a large number of inquiries as this would be translated as cross examination, and it isn't up to me to lead a cross examination. I am required to stay impartial and abstain from reprimanding the conceivable abuser as the kid without a doubt holds warmth for them. Now I should attempt to disclose what I amâ going to do straightaway. Record If practical, I would need to put down and account the time, date and a short record of the conversation, ensuring that it isn't my understanding yet a precise record of what the youngster communicated to me. Additionally, it is important to record any recognizable non-verbal conduct. The Safeguarding strategy held by the school will guide me to a uthentic structures that should be filled in, along these lines, at this stage, I would fill in a report structure. Report Inform the assigned instructor/defending official at the earliest opportunity. There might not have been an underlying contact with the youngster and it might be that there is even more a doubt of misuse or disregard. For this situation, there would be a requirement for careful, unpretentious inquiries. The TA needs to perceive on the off chance that a youngster wouldn't like to talk, at that point the issue must not be sought after. Then again, it might be valuable to talk about the circumstance with the assigned educator/protecting official before making an official referral. Assess the impacts of household maltreatment on youngsters. What effect could this have on kids inside the school setting? As indicated by domesticviolence. organization, abusive behavior at home or misuse is characterized as the utilization of practices by one individual in a relationship with the sole reason for controlling the other. Accomplices don't need to be hitched for residential maltreatment to happen. Branch of Health in 2002, states that; At least 750,000 kids a year witness aggressive behavior at home. Almost seventy five percent of kids on the in danger register live in family units where abusive behavior at home happens Cited by Women’s Aid, 2014. DoH likewise accepts that to observe residential maltreatment is psychological mistreatment in itself. This may conceivably be through the observer of a physical issue to a grown-up or sexual maltreatment of a grown-up or in any event, being trapped in a savage question between two grown-ups themselves. Forthcoming, Putnam and Teicher, 1994, found that incessantly elevated levels of adrenalin can murder neurons in the cerebrum territories pivotal for intuition and memory. In the case of a youngster seeing residential maltreatment, the degrees of adrenalin would be sufficiently high to capture the development of the left half of the globe of the mind and in this way hampering the advancement of language and rationale. There would likewise be an expansion in the body’s antibodies which would altogether debilitate the safe framework. Youngsters may react to the seeing of residential maltreatment very diff

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) - Research Paper Example Pittsburgh’s enormous requirement for spans introduced a decent open door for the designers to feature their insight and ability .The main type of transport inside the town and a few areas of the stream banks in the mid nineteenth century was the utilization of boats or kayaks. As the network created individuals understood that it was compulsory to assemble a ship administration and in 1818 the Jone’s Ferry administration was set up, so as to improve their business situated culture. The ship worked between southern bank of Monongahela and the base of Liberty Street. Stock and merchandise were conveyed by vessels while travelers were conveyed by rowboats. In 1840, a further developed pony ship was created which utilized visually impaired ponies as thought process power. The visually impaired ponies were fitted in flat wheels when at that point moved the pontoons (Von 77). A couple of years after the fact a steam ship was built up by Captain Erwin on the southern bank of Ohio close to the segment where the waterways shaped an intersection. Tragically, the ship venture fallen a couple of years after the fact along with the Jones ship project.Leaving only one operational steam ship which worked from Penn Street to Saw Mill Run.The paper will manage the three extensions chose at the Smithfield Street and how their development upset the scaffold development innovation in the nineteenth century when human advancement was creating at an exceptional speed The primary extension among the Pittsburghs interstate scaffolds was known as the Monongahela Bridge. A bill was passed In Pennsylvania by the state authoritative gathering permitting two extensions to be worked at Pittsburg. One would be worked over the Allegheny and the other one over Monongahela. Judge Findley, an individual from the administrative chamber was given the errand of computing the general expense of the structures. His figurings showed that around 1200 feet of the waterway required chains that were 1590 feet in length and four other iron chains weighing 64

More than 9000 reasons

More than 9000 reasons Hi, prefrosh! I assume that the bulk of our audience right now is students who are thinking about joining the class of 2015, and/or those admitted who dont mind the expense of traveling to boston for the weekend in exchange for free food. Which is totally an okay thing to do, by the way. When Olin College of Engineering asked me if I wanted to attend their candidates weekend, an event similar to CPW with the major difference that the attendees have not been and will not all be admitted (in my mind, I viewed it as elimination round 2, and was hoping for Survivor-esque challenges during the weekend), I gave them an answer that somewhat sealed my fate. They were running out of space for Candidates Weekend, and so basically asked me would you like to be considered for a spot, or have you made a decision to go elsewhere? I had been accepted to MIT about three weeks prior, and my decision was only between MIT and Olin; I asked my friends at Olin about Candidates Weekend and sent the administrative d00d something along the lines of the following: Well, I am leaning towards attending MIT, but Id like to attend CW if possible. I heard we get to make really cool t-shirts*. Id like to go, but if theres somebody who is not leaning towards MIT, I dont want to take their spot * I do not think this sentence, or anything resembling it, was in my actual e-mail; however, it was on the tip of my tongue at the time. That was an absolutely stupid thing of me to do, but I guess it reflects the state of my mind at that point in my senior year; I believed I was torn between Olin and MIT, but subconsciously had selected MIT from the moment of my acceptance. Fortunately, they saw that I wasnt a good fit for Olin / probably not going to go, and gave the spot to someone else; I was that much sadder for my lack of awesome t-shirts. However, I have good news about MIT! If youre coming to CPW, you *can* do this! Come, take our free t-shirts, take our food! Take the class of 2014! We ask nothing in return except that you have an awesome weekend. (Fine, you cant actually take the class of 2014. I think they might object to that.) Still looking for a good reason to be excited SCRATCH THAT I MEAN ABSOLUTELY PUMPED about CPW? For reasons that make me no less of a manly man, I happened to have two stuffed animals on my bed, conveniently placed in the following arrangement; working at my desk one afternoon, I turned around to observe the following. I present to you: 9000 reasons to come to CPW! Yes, once again, I am schmoozing you (and incorrectly using that word; please dont send Chris Hansen and an NBC camera crew after me) with pictures of Vincents cat. I still dont know its name; I still call it cat. By the following metrics, this picture is 9000 reasons to come to CPW: A picture is arbitrarily worth 1000 words. A cat is supposed to have nine lives; we postulate that these increase ninefold the value of a single cat and items relating to the aforementioned cat. For their cuteness, captionability, and utility in monorail transportation systems, cats and pictures thereof are the Supreme Currency of These Here Internets In Internet Currency, this is 9000 reasons! Combined with the other reasons given in this post (which you most definitely read, rather than choosing to skip down immediately to the picture of fuzzy cuteness, right?), that makes for Over 9000 Reasons the Cardinal Intraweb Number to be wanting-to-be-at-CPW. SO WHY ARENT YOU HERE YET? See you this weekend!

Funny Break up Quotes to Make You Feel Better

Regardless of whether you have been through one or a dozen breakups, each one erodes your spirit. A breakup leaves you sapped. It affects your self-esteem, confidence, and relationships. Many heartbroken people are known to drown themselves into addiction: be it smoking, drugs, or even food. The emotional upheaval also causes physical disorders: insomnia, memory loss, weight gain, and digestive disorders. Different Ways to Heal While you shouldnt drown your grief in alcohol or drugs, you should take solace in spiritual talks, music, yoga, and dance. Take up activities that help release stress, and heal your soul. Read self-improvement books, inspirational quotes, or even funny quotes to shake off the gloom. Share your feelings with friends, without clinging on to the past. Most of all, avoid blaming yourself. Laughter Is the Best Medicine Humor helps cushion the fall after a bad breakup. Laughter releases the endorphins that are needed to counter depression. Humor also helps you reflect on the situation in a lighter vein. Many humorists have poked fun at breakups. Read this collection of funny breakup quotes. These quotes make light of the situation, poking harmless jokes. Some quotes mock at love and marriage. Let laughter play on your lips when you read these funny breakup quotes. Quotes Joan Crawford Love is a fire. But whether it is going to warm your hearth or burn down your house, you can never tell. Mae West All discarded lovers should be given a second chance, but with somebody else. Steve Martin There is one thing I would break up over and that is if she caught me with another woman. I wouldnt stand for that. Johnny Carson The difference between a divorce and a legal separation is that a legal separation gives a husband time to hide his money. Paris Hilton Every woman should have four pets in her life. A mink in her closet, a jaguar in her garage, a tiger in her bed, and a jackass to pay for it all. Cyril Connolly The dread of loneliness is greater than the dread of bondage, so we get married. Victoria Holt Never regret. If its good, its wonderful. If its bad, its experience. Ogden Nash Love is a word that is constantly heard, Hate is a word that is not. Love, I am told, is more precious than gold. Love, I have read, is hot. But Hate is the verb that to me is superb, And Love but a drug on the mart. Any kiddie in school can Love like a fool, But Hating, my boy, is an Art. Marie Corelli I never married because there was no need. I have three pets at home, which answer the same purpose as a husband. I have a dog, which growls every morning, a parrot which swears all afternoon and a cat that comes home late at night. Bob Udkoff Hate is such a luxurious emotion, it can only be spent on one we love. Miss Piggy, The Muppet Show Is there a cure for a broken heart? Only time can heal your broken heart, just as time can heal his broken arms and legs.How can a woman be expected to be happy with a man who insists on treating her as if she were a perfectly normal human being. Cher The trouble with women is that they get all excited about nothing... and then marry him! Dave Barry The obvious and fair solution to the housework problem is to let men do the housework for, say, the next six thousand years, to even things up. The trouble is that over the years, men have developed an inflated notion of everything they do, so that before long they would turn housework into just as much a charade as business is now. They would hire secretaries and buy computers and fly off to housework conferences in Bermuda, but theyd never clean anything. Katherine Hepburn Sometimes I wonder if men and women really suit each other. Perhaps they should live next door and just visit now and then. Rita Rudner The older theory was, marry an older man because theyre more mature. But the new theory is men dont mature. Marry a younger one. Mahatma Gandhi I first learned the concepts of non-violence in my marriage. Sir George Jessel Marriage is a mistake every man should make. Dennis Miller After 7 years of marriage, I am sure of two things. First, never wallpaper together and second, youll need two bathrooms... both for her. The rest is a mystery, but a mystery I love to be involved in. Queen Victoria When I think of a merry, happy, free girl, and look at the ailing, aching state a wife is generally doomed to, which you cant deny is the penalty of marriage. Andy Rooney For every stunning, smart, well-coiffed hot woman of forty plus, there is a balding, paunchy relic in yellow pants making a fool of himself with some 22-year-old waitress. Lizz Winstead I think... therefore, Im single. Steve Martin There is one thing I would break up over and that is if she caught me with another woman. I wouldnt stand for that. Jerry Seinfeld Breaking up is like knocking over a Coke machine. You cant do it in one push. You gotta rock it back and forth a few times, and then it goes over. John Imbergamo There are always a few before-Valentines Day breakups that allow people to cancel reservations. Katherine Mansfield If only one could tell true love from false love as one can tell mushrooms from toadstools. Mae West Live close, visit often.Marriage is a great institution, but Im not ready for an institution yet. Queen Elizabeth I of England I would rather be a beggar and single, than a queen and married. Marion Smith Can you imagine a world without men? No crime and lots of happy, fat women. Jane Austen It is always incomprehensible to men, that a woman should refuse an offer of marriage. Jean Harlow I like to wake up each morning feeling a new man. Gloria Steinem The surest way to be alone is to get married. Socrates By all means marry, if you get a good wife, youll be happy. If you get a bad one, youll become a philosopher.I guess the only way to stop divorce is to stop marriage. Dave Barry What women want: To be loved, to be listened to, to be desired, to be respected, to be needed, to be trusted, and sometimes, just to be held. What men want: Tickets to the World Series.

The Modernization Of The United States - 895 Words

Understandably, significant historical debate flourishes around any relative or ambiguous terminology; therefore, it should be of no surprise the topic of the ‘modernization’ of the United States garners little consensus. While some historians see elements of modernity in the widespread political participation of the initial decades of colonial settlement, others focus on the economic and demographic diversity of the eighteenth century as their focal point. Contrasting historians insist the American Revolution became the catalyst for permanent change, while still more contend westward expansion and the conclusion of the Civil War mark the time of the United States’ ‘arrival.’ The innate relativism of ‘modernity’ insures from the outset of debate that no one will be right, and that no one can be wrong. One historian’s vision of ‘modern’ will inherently be distinct from the next. However, as futile as the debate over the beginnings of modernity may be, readers can still gain much from such research. In 1973, just one year after Brown’s â€Å"Modernization† article was published, Murrin co-authored an article with Rowland Berthoff titled â€Å"Feudalism, Communalism, and the Yeoman Freeholder: The American Revolution Considered as a Social Accident.† Although Brown is not included in the citations the two article’s descriptions of mid-eighteenth century colonial society are remarkably similar. Murrin and Berthoff conclude â€Å"†¦the century from 1725 to 1825 was far from static. TheShow MoreRelatedFuture of Modernization1232 Words   |  5 PagesFuture of Modernization William Watkins SOC / 120 January 22, 2012 Brenda Miller As we begin to ponder the future of modernization, and the possible consequences that are apt to occur, perhaps we should first revisit the definition of modernization. To this end we can start by saying that modernization is thought of as a concept that states that the development of societies can be considered as a standard evolutionary pattern that has a tendency to stimulate growth. It can also be consideredRead MoreThe Meiji Restoration: A Crucial Moment in the History of Japan965 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical power and the third largest national economy after the United States and China as per the 2011 figures. The development of the Japanese economy to reach such a status happened in time and especially after the Restoration of the Meji Dynasty in 1868. Since then, Japan was in constant contact with the western world especially with the United States. The Meji Restoration was a crucial moment in the history of the Japanese state and its culture because it provided the historical breakaway fromRead MoreAmerican Political Scientist Samuel Huntington1401 Words   |  6 Pagesalthough modernity breeds stability it is modernization that breeds instability. Many of the world’s greatest economists forecast that China will overtake the United States as the world’s economic powerhouse in the near future. However, that will largely depend on how well the Chinese government can control its modernization both politically and economically. China’s rapid ascension through its distorted economic reforms has undermined the United States’ economic interests and can lead to the potentialRead MoreModernization668 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor assumptions of the modernization theory of development basically are: Modernization is a phased process;Modernization is a homogenizing process, in this sense, we can say that modern ization produces tendencies toward convergence among societies, for example, as time goes on, they and we will increasingly resemble one another because the patterns of modernization are such that the more highly modernized societies become, the more they resemble one another. Modernization is a europeanizationRead MoreModernization And Development Towards Democracy1544 Words   |  7 PagesThis research paper uncovers the study of modernization and how it correlates to political development towards democracy. First, it examines the development and origins of the modernization theory that encompass a number of explanations that connect economic, social and cultural changes with shifts in political systems. Modernization puts forth the idea that economic development will lead to cultural and social changes that transform the political behavior of a country’s citizens that can ultimatelyRead MoreModernization Theory Of The Post War Years1324 Words   |  6 Pages In his inaugural speech in 1949, Truman captured the United States’ optimistic sentiment with regards to development following the Second World War. The United States found themselves in a unique position where they had shown their military and technological prowess, were the only vi ctor whose infrastructure had not been damaged by the war and saw themselves as the technological leader of the world and a model to be emulated. Along with growing fears about Cold War tensions and the threat of communismRead MoreFuture of Modernization710 Words   |  3 PagesFuture of Modernization SOC/120 May 4, 2013 University of Phoenix Future of Modernization Modernization in the United States has four traits which were identified by Peter Berger in 1977. The first trait was the decline of small, isolated communities. Approximately one hundred years ago there were 40% of Americans living in cities. Today, 80% of the population lives in cities. The next trait is the expansion of personal choice. Most people choose their lifestyles instead of allowingRead MoreModern Society : Democracy And The Modernization Theory1414 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocracy is a number one goal for many states. They like to reach it for plenty of reasons, civil and economic. First of all democracy is associated with wealth, a good material situation, and economic growth. We can clearly see it on example of The United States or large European democracies such as Germany or France. It is also believed that democratization brings high living standards, peaceful environment and overall happiness to the state; and The United States and European democracies are als o aRead MoreThe United States Proliferation Treaty ( Npt )1173 Words   |  5 Pagesthe treaty to fit changing standards. In 2015, the major concern is the modernization of nuclear weapons. Defined as the life extension of current nuclear weapons, every nuclear armed state is spending billions on this act of supposed â€Å"disarmament† Some would argue that this trend should be included in our treaty and that the United Nations should encourage nuclear-armed countries to pursue this trend. In reality, modernization presents a threat to the process of disarmament and we must take measuresRead MoreCultural Norms And Practices Are Shaped And Practiced Over The Years Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of modernization, the original indigenous practices of the community begin to disappear, and are replaced by ideas from more developed Western countries. Culture is forever changing, and it adapts based on the changes happening within the people of the community and their envir onment. With modernization, ideas and beliefs that are practiced in Western societies are diffused across the world, setting the standard for behavior that should be commonly practiced in all societies. Modernization in tribal

Token Economy Free Essays

Leadership Model Jim Forrest was a skilled professional in related issues managing in substance abuse. Forrest had the opportunity to utilize his abilities as a lead in a mental health center. Forrest began his search for new employees by interviewing each person the same. We will write a custom essay sample on Token Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forrest talked to each candidate in the same style rather than finding out their strengths and weaknesses so he would have a better idea of where to place them to assist with client care. Although Forrest noticed positive change in client care, he also noticed concerns with his employees slowly surfacing. Forrest began to question his professional relationship with each member of his staff. It is important to recognize leadership comes in various styles to provide applicable direction to accomplish specific objectives in the workplace. Supervisory leadership must discuss the task and goals set for the organization clearly to its employees. Contingency Theory believes individuals are different; therefore there is not one way that is the best way of leading a team. Contingency Theory takes a look at the bigger picture that contains dynamics about supervisory leadership skill and other variables within the circumstances. Success of any organization is influenced by a variety of reasons, one of which is leadership style. One style of leadership may not be appropriate in some cases, however may be best in others. Supervisory Process There are 4 main steps in the supervisory process. The first is the beginning phase of the purpose of the supervisor. One of the elements of this process is obtaining reviews from staff and discussing concerns and ideas to make working together more productive (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007). In case 7, Jim did not get feedback from his new staff about the implementation of the token economy. The middle phase of the process is the stage where Jim should have realized that his way was not working for everyone; he should have been open minded and ready to make changes when concerns were voiced to him, instead he thought that giving them freedom to make their own schedules they should be following the way he wanted things to be done. At this point Jim should have discussed issues and created an action plan. Jim is now in the facilitative confrontation phase (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007), problems have began to surface and Jim hears complaining, with the incident of no one being there when he needed Jim will need to sit and discuss his role with the staff and their issues with the way things are being ran. The transition phase is when changes are made (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007). If Jim follows through with the confrontation phase, he may be ready to compromise token economy and focus on rules and regulations to get everyone on the same page to productively help clients. Reference Lewis, J. A. , Packard, T. , Lewis, M. D. (2007). Management of Human Service Programs (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.. How to cite Token Economy, Essay examples

Abortion is a very complicated issue with many mor Essay Example For Students

Abortion is a very complicated issue with many mor Essay al and political, ethical, religious, and economic factors. It is defined as the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by death of the embryo or fetus. Abortion is the most common surgery in the United States.Approximately 4000 abortions are performed each day. An abortion is a surgery where a long metal tool is placed inside the vagina where it is used to hold open the walls apart. Then the doctor takes a small tube with a vacuum and precedes to insert it into the vagina where it sucks out the insides.Then the doctor inspects to make sure the vacuum got all the material out. The whole process takes about 10 minutes and the patient only needs local anesthetic. Such a simple medical procedure one would think what are the problems with a woman wanting to abort her baby?Many of the objectors to abortion (known as a either Right to Life organization, or the Pro Life Organization) do so because of religious beliefs. They believe that the fetus is a person whom has a soul, and according to their religion killing a person with a soul is a mortal sin and the killer and the mother would suffer punishment in the afterlife. Some are not religious motivated they just think that killing what they consider life is wrong, and that point brings up the hardest question to answer.When does life begin?Arguably life begins when you come out of your mothers body and are self sufficient in getting your own air and can eat your own food and water.Although there have been studies that show fetuses having brain patterns, respond to stimuli, they grow ,eat , excrete wastes and all the other signs of life in which case abortion could be considered murder because killing a person is illegal.Many of the Pro Life activists say that at conception life is created. If that is considered legally true then accordingly at any point in pregnancy abortion would be considered illegal. This is so because if in the first trimester the fetus is considered a live then it should be as valuable as a regular humans life and killing it would be murder. We will write a custom essay on Abortion is a very complicated issue with many mor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Parts of the economic political points that some Pro Lifers make is they say that if we make abortion simple and affordable the woman will either disregard abstinence or just simple birth control.And since many of the abortions that are performed are paid for by the government the Pro Life organizations object to paying for a surgical procedure that they consider to be morally wrong. The opposition to the Pro Lifers are the Pro Choice groups. Their general attitude is that a fetus is not a life ie. the mother can abort the fetus if she wants. The Pro Choicers want abortionavailable for all. They support government funding for abortions for those on government assisted medical programs, so that not only rich people have the option of abortion. Unwanted babies are not always the reason for an abortion. People choose them for many reasons such as if a baby is going to be born with birth defects that would either cause undo stress on the parents or even make it so the parents cannot even take care of their own child because of the medical costs. That would arguably make the childs life painful or maybe even not worth living. Rape has been happening since time began and until abortion a woman could be forced to give birth to a child that was forced upon her. If a woman gets raped she might not want to have a child whose father is a rapist, or she might have bad feelings towards the child because it would remind her of the rape or its father. And when a child is unloved or neglected it is known that that child is more likely to get addicted to drugs, turn to crime , or join gangs. Doing all these things in the long run ends up costing the public more. We would pay for it living in jail or its rehabilitation or losing people to murder. .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .postImageUrl , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:hover , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:visited , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:active { border:0!important; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:active , .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180 .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e6ca397254a0d61069f7186f0f2c180:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The critical factor responsible for jollibee success in the philippines EssaySome mothers are very young when they conceive their child and there would be no way that they could sustain themselves and their child. So mothers who have children young 90% of the time end up on welfare and ruin their futures. While their children are brought up in substandard living would be more susceptible to drugs and crime. Ipersonally am for the right to choose. However I think that abortion is an awful procedure and should be avoided in anyway possible and for it to be a last resort. I think that the government really has no say in what a woman should do with her body. I think that if the girl is too young she shouldnt be having sex any way. If they are having sex they should be using protection. If the protection fails the girl should consider adoption. I think that life beings somewhere in between conception and birth, and that after a certain time it is too far along in its development for a fetus to be aborted. In which case if the baby is unwanted it should be put up for adoption.When it comes to a girl telling her parents that she is going to have an abortion I am torn. One I feel that if the girl will be disowned by her parents it is unfair for her to be forced to tell them. On the other hand she needs a way to pay for it and also the parents need to know what their child is doing a!nd what kin d of decisions there child is making. All in all abortion is a very serious thing, and should be avoided when possible. Abortion right now , although is a right and rights are an inalienable and should not be tread upon. After all this is the United States the land of the free but how free are we if half the population have no say in what happens to their bodies?

Immigrants in the United States

Guide to The Communist Manifesto

Guide to The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto, originally known as The Manifesto of the Communist Party, was published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, and is one of the most widely taught texts within sociology. The text was commissioned  by the Communist League in London and was originally published there, in German. While at the time it served as a political rally cry for the communist movement throughout Europe, it is so widely taught today because it offers a shrewd and early critique of capitalism and its social and cultural implications. For students of sociology, the text is a useful primer on Marxs critique of capitalism, which is presented in much more depth and detail in  Capital, Volumes 1-3. History The Communist Manifesto is the product of the joint development of ideas between Marx and Engels, and rooted in debates held by Communist League leaders in London; however, the final draft was written solely by Marx. The text became a significant political influence in Germany and led to Marx being expelled from the country, and his permanent move to London. It  was first published in English in 1850.   Despite its controversial reception in Germany and its pivotal role in Marxs life, the text was paid rather little attention until the 1870s, when Marx took a prominent role in the International Workingmens Association, and publicly supported the 1871 Paris commune and socialist movement. The text also captured wider attention thanks to its role in a treason trial held against German Social Democratic Party leaders. Marx and Engels revised and republished the text after it became more widely known, which resulted in the text that we know today. It has been popular and widely read around the world since the late 19th century, and continues to serve as a basis for critiques of capitalism, and as a call for social, economic, and political systems that are organized by equality and democracy, rather than exploitation. Introduction to the Manifesto A spectre is haunting Europe- the spectre of communism. Marx and Engels begin the manifesto by pointing out that those in power across Europe have identified communism as a threat, which they believe means that as a movement, it has the political potential to change the power structure and economic system that was currently in place (capitalism). They then state that the movement requires a manifesto and that this is what the text is meant to be. Part 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians The history of all hitherto existing society  is the history of class struggles. In Part 1 of the manifesto, Marx and Engels explain the evolution and functioning of the unequal and exploitative class structure that resulted from the rise of capitalism as an economic system. They explain that while political revolutions overturned the unequal hierarchies of feudalism, in their place sprung a new class system composed primarily of a bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and proletariat (wage workers). They wrote,  The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Marx and Engels explain that the bourgeoisie have done this not just by control of industry, or the economic engine of society, but also because those within this class seized state power by creating and controlling the post-feudal political system. Consequently, they explain, the state (or, government) reflects the world views and interests of the bourgeoisie classthe wealthy and powerful minorityand not those of the proletariat, who are actually the majority of society. Next Marx and Engels explain the cruel, exploitative reality of what happens when workers are forced to compete with each other and sell their labor to the owners of capital. An important consequence, the offer, is the stripping away of other kinds of social ties that used to bind people together in society. Within what has come to be known as a cash nexus, workers are mere commoditiesexpendable, and easily replaceable. They go on to explain that because capitalism is premised on growth, the system is gobbling up all people and societies around the world. As the system grows, expands, and evolves its methods and relations of production, ownership, and thus wealth and power are increasingly centralized within it. (The global scale of todays capitalist economy and the extreme concentration of ownership and wealth among the global elite show us that the 19th-century observations of Marx and Engels were on point.) However, Marx and Engels wrote, the system itself is designed for failure. Because as it grows and ownership and wealth concentrate, the exploitative conditions of wage laborers only worsen over time, and these sew the seeds of revolt. They observe that, in fact, that revolt is already fomenting; the rise of the Communist party is a sign of this. Marx and Engels conclude this section with this proclamation: What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. It is this section of the text that is considered the main body of the Manifesto, and is most often quoted, and taught as an abridged version to students. The following sections are less well-known. Part 2: Proletarians and Communists In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. In this section, Marx and Engels explain what it is exactly that the Communist Party wants for society. They begin by pointing out that the Communist Party is not a political workers party like any other because it does not represent a particular faction of workers. Rather, it represents the interests of workers (the proletariat) as a whole. These interests are shaped by the class antagonisms created by capitalism and the rule of the bourgeoisie and transcend national borders. They explain, quite plainly, that the Communist Party seeks to turn  the proletariat into a cohesive class with clear and unified class interests, to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie, and to seize and redistribute political power. The crux of doing this, Marx and Engels explain, is the abolition of private property, which is the manifest of capital, and the essence of wealth hoarding. Marx and Engels acknowledge that this proposition is met with scorn and derision on the part of the bourgeoisie. To this, they reply: You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society. In other words, clinging to the importance and necessity of private property only benefits the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society. Everyone else has little to no access to it and suffers under its reign. If you question the validity of this claim in todays context, just consider the vastly unequal distribution of wealth in the U.S., and the mountain of consumer, housing, and educational debt that buries most of the population. Then, Marx and Engels state the ten goals of the Communist Party: Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.Abolition of all rights of inheritance.Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the  populace over the country.Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc. While some of these might seem controversial and troubling, consider that some of them have and do exist in a variety of nations around the world. Part 3: Socialist and Communist Literature In Part 3 Marx and Engels present an overview of three different types of socialist literature, or critiques of the bourgeoisie, that existed at their time, in order to provide context for the Manifesto. These include reactionary socialism, conservative or bourgeois socialism, and critical-utopian socialism or communism. They explain that the first type is either backward-looking and seeking to return to some kind of feudal structure, or that seeks to really preserve conditions as they are and is actually opposed to the goals of the Communist Party. The second, conservative or bourgeois socialism, is the product of  members of the bourgeoisie savvy enough to know that one must address some grievances of the proletariat in order to maintain the system as it is. Marx and Engels note that economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, those that run charities, and many other do-gooders espouse and produce this particular ideology, which seeks to make minor adjustments to the system rathe r than change it (for a contemporary take on this, see the differing implications of a Sanders versus a Clinton presidency). The third type is concerned with  offering real critiques of the class structure and social structure, and a vision of what could be, but suggests that the goal should be to create new and separate societies rather than fight to reform the existing one, so it too is opposed to a collective struggle by the proletariat. Part 4:  Position of the Communists in Relation to the  Various Existing Opposition Parties In the final section Marx and Engels point out that the Communist Party supports all revolutionary movements that challenge the existing social and political order, and close the Manifesto with a call for unity among the proletariat with their famous rally cry, Working men of all countries, unite!

Wind Power as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels Essay

Wind Power as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels - Essay Example The essay "Wind Power as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels" aimed to discuss the environmental advantages of wind power. They include the fact that wind energy production is pollution free, which results in it having no effect on air quality or climate change. Wind energy also produces no particulate emissions that contribute to mercury contamination in lakes and streams. They also conserve water resources by using less water in electricity production, e.g. electricity generation through nuclear power uses 600 more times water than wind power. Wind power can also be beneficial to land preservation because their actual ‘footprint’ is small, which means minimal land is required. Wind farms also reduce the need for mining, which often destroys wildlife and ecosystems. Offshore wind farms also have no environmental effects on the land itself. However, marine life must be considered. It is also safer than other alternative energy sources such as nuclear power, with the Fukushima Nuclear Plant disaster fresh in many people’s minds. Also, the paper dwells upon the economic benefits of wind farms. They include the fact that wind is a native fuel that does not need to be mined or transported, which reduces production costs. Wind power can therefore be produced cheaper. The Wind Industry Group also claims that wind energy creates 30% more jobs than a coal plant and 60% more than a nuclear plant per unit of electricity released. Wind power is also getting cheaper to produce from nearly 30 cents per kWh in the early 1980’s to 3-5 cents per kWh today.

Security Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Security Management - Essay Example organizing physical detection, alarm, response, and control systems; for many federal and private occasions and on regular basis. According to Mullins, a central part of the study of organization and management is the development of management thinking and what might be termed management theory. The application of theory brings about change in actual behavior. So when a security specialist starts applying the management theory, he can change the entire behavior of the organization towards security. The Security manager's primary duty involves managing and supervising the security employees. The security programs like personnel, physical, information, or industrial security does need experts in their area of specialization. A security expert in Information system may not handle all the physical security threats. This makes the necessity of security expert in that particular field to operate the security operations in the organization. Just like, risk management, security is also to be managed with reference to its plan, standards and practices. The security mangers who are authoritative to execute this security managers are the ones who are experts in the special fields. In order to avoid, line and staff conflict, many organizations directly hand the responsibility of security management to the person who is expert and specialist in handling the particular security tasks. But the entire security management on its own is a process and needs to be managed by people. Here comes the need for the role of a security manager, to manage the activity of security. Management in its true sense is, a process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. In criminology, it is very important to study the organizational behavior along with the individual human behavior. Just like as organizational behavior gives an integrated and contingency approach to management, it also gives an edge to perform the security activity to the security specialists. The understanding of organizational behavior will enhance the chances of successful implantation of the security project. The organizational and group behavior dynamics will highlight the areas of concentration basing on scientific foundations. Organization behavior coordinates the diversified range of disciplines. Management in other terms is doing the job in a well-organized, efficient manner, making good use of all resources like, time, money, human resources and the efforts. Also the basic functions of Management are named as Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting, (Gulick & Urwick 1937) The roles of the manager involve, Interpersonal roles like, Figurehead, Leader, Liaison 2) Informational roles such as Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson, 3) Decisional roles Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocating

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous cars, or cars that run without a human driver, have been in development for over the past few decades, starting from the late 70s and extending towards the present date and even beyond. During the early stages, the autonomous vehicles were slow in speed and even in reaction time. Nowadays, with technological advancement, coupled with better research knowledge and funding towards further development, product improvement has clearly been observed. From the early days of mechanical feedback systems to modern software incorporation, numerous improvements have been made. 2. Advantages of Autonomous Vehicles Finding from the World health Organization (WHO) several years ago regarding automobile accidents: Accidents expenditure in the United States reached $230 billion; with over $30 billion going into health care. Such will only increase, because the road accidents are expected to be the third largest killer worldwide by 2020. There are two possible approaches to make cars safer. Systems can be implemented to make a car accident less lethal or to prevent accidents. Also, from an energy and efficiency point of view, in general, people are not able to drive the best as well. Having computers to do the driving is going to save energy significantly. However, since vehicles are networked and with traffic flow synchronized, it is an apples-to-orange comparison. Autonomous cars wont have to tackle congestion and stop-and-go traffic, as is present today. Road travel will speed up, more predictability, and passengers will have ample space to focus on other things while travelling. The vehicles will be a lot less heavy. There will be a reduced need for designs to deal with impacts, as the heavy vehicles of today are driven by error prone humans, nor a need to be equipped with protection instruments to protect drivers (e.g. crumple zones, airbags, or even seatbelts). Further advantages of driverless vehicles, aside from the significant safety and energy benefits that would be presented with their use, will be an increase in transportation access. Aged, restricted mobility, poor, and even the language illiterate individuals can safely travel. It will be like having a chauffeur at all times. 3. Integrating technology to make an autonomous vehicle For vehicles to be made autonomous will require advanced sensors and actuators to coordinate hand in hand. Definition of sensor and actuator Sensor A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it Actuator An actuator is a mechanism responsible for the movement or control of a machine, apparatus or system. It utilizes energy, commonly transported by air, electrical current, or fluid, and translates that into a type of motion. 3.1. Sensors in an autonomous car In an autonomous vehicle, apart from speed sensors, sensors are used for lane position tracking as well as front obstruction detection. This comes in the form of radars. If lane positioning or safety distance is not within safety parameters, the sensor will send signals to the microcontroller. From there, the microcontroller will coordinate the various actuators such as throttle, steering and brakes to enable the vehicle to stay within the parameter. Various sensors used in the mobilization operation of autonomous cars includes a radar reflective stripe system with a vision based system for lane location sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the detection of obstacles ahead of the autonomous car, and various assisting sensors including off-centre looking radars and one angular rate gyroscope. Figure 1 shows a sketch of an autonomous car with the various sensors, actuators and operating devices. 3.2. Actuators in an autonomous car Brake Actuators Coordinate car speed with the sensors and/or users pre-input. Used for slowing down the car when there is a need to. Steering Actuator The steering actuator is a motor controlled by the car in-built microprocessor. The microcontroller takes in signals from the various sensors to steer the car which is done by directing the motor for controlling the angle of the wheels. Throttle Actuators Used for controlling the output of the cars engine based on the sensor or users pre-input. This will increase and reduce the speed of the vehicle as well as maintain. 3.3. Current technologies, design and construction concept used to realize various sensors and actuators in an autonomous vehicle 3.3.1. Electronic Scanning Radar Electronic Scanning Radar is an inexpensive effective object-detection system that utilizes electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves, to determine the range, direction, or speed of both mobilized and stationary objects. Radio waves or microwaves transition from the radar sensor bounces off any object in their path. The object will then return a tiny portion of the waves energy to the antenna which is normally located at the same spot as the transmitter. Radar technology has the ability to measure positions and speed vectors of multiple targets at the same time, with precise accuracy, within a short time frame. Detection and tracking algorithms are normally given in a one-box-design and some manufacturers allow space for vehicle/customer/application specific code in the radar systems. The ESR enables a wide coverage at mid-range and high-resolution long range using stand-alone radar. Wide and mid-range coverage not only enables vehicles cutting in from adjacent lanes to be detected, but also determines vehicles and pedestrians along the width of the vehicle. Long-range coverage gives accurate range and speed data, with great object discrimination that can identify as much as 64 targets in the vehicles path. The ESR also allows powerful functionality which includes the following: -adaptive cruise control -forward collision warning -brake support -headway alert 3.3.2. Brake actuator One method of braking widely used by autonomous vehicles, although also widely used in contemporary vehicles, is the disc braking system. The main components of disc brakes comprise the following: Brake pads Caliper containing a piston Rotor that is mounted to the hub The disc brake is quite similar to the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes use a caliper, which forces the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the pads forces on the rotor instead of the wheel, and with the force being transmitted hydraulically instead of a cable. Friction between each pad and the disc slows the vehicle down. A moving car contains kinetic energy and by stopping the car, the brakes are actually removing this energy. The brakes do this by converting the kinetic energy into that of heat. Therefore, in most cars, ventilation is provided for the brakes. 3.3.3. Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive cruise control utilizes forward-looking radar with its installation located at the back of the grill of a vehicle, to identify the speed and distance of the vehicle in front of it. Adaptive cruise control is of the same principal as conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle pre-set speed. However, unlike the contemporary cruise control, this implementation can automatically adjust the speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles along the same lane. This is performed through a radar headway sensor, digital signal processor as well as a longitudinal controller. If the front vehicle slows down, or should another object get detected, the system will send a signal to the engine or braking system to slow down. Subsequently, when the road gets cleared, the system will increase the vehicle speed back to the set value. Cruise control is an example of a closed-loop control system Closed and Open Loop Explained In a closed-loop configuration, a feedback component is being sent together with the input. The difference in the input and feedback signals is sent to the controller. In response to the difference, the controller acts on the process forcing the output to change in a direction that will cause reduction in the difference of the input signal and the feedback component. A closed-loop system has the ability to regulate itself in the midst of disturbances or variations in its own characteristics. Hence, a closed-loop system has an advantage over that of an open-loop Likewise, a cruise control has an input signal of a desired velocity. This goes through any number of amplifiers in the mode of transfer functions and gains, and then, outputs a signal which the motor utilizes to modify its power. Disturbances in the system may include wind speed, bumps on the road, etc. When these obstacles affect the speed of the car, data passes through from the end of the control system in the form of velocity data to the beginning, where it makes appropriate changes to the input signals so it can then properly adjust the speed of the car. Closed loop control systems has its output compared with the desired parameter settings and the process is varied in order for the output to satisfy the requirement. The accelerator of a conventional man-driven vehicle, on the other hand, is an example for an open-loop control. This is a simple link between the gas pedal and the car engine. When stepped on, the engine propels the car, and this does not stop until you remove the input signal (Pedal stepped on with continued pressure). Should there be obstacles along the way, this will affect the speed of the vehicle so long as pedal is being stepped on to a certain particular extend. Open-loop systems provides an output according to the desired set point irrespective to the changes that occur due to certain disturbances in the process. An open-loop control system is influenced directly, and only, by an input signal, without the beneficial use of a feedback. 3.3.4. Oxygen Sensor A vehicle oxygen sensor, also known as a lambda sensor, is a small sensor installed into the exhaust system of a petrol engine for the measurement of the oxygen concentration that remains in the exhaust gas to enable an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the engine combustion process. In majority of all modern automobiles, including autonomous ones, these sensors are installed at the engines exhaust manifold to identify whether the mixture of air together with gasoline going into the engine is rich or lean. That means too much or too little fuel respectively. 3.3.5. CAN-bus CAN Bus is a multiplexed wiring system commonly utilized in the connection of intelligent devices such as Electronic Control Units (ECU) on vehicles, allowing data to be transferred in reliable manner at a lower cost. This also reduces the need for massive amounts of cables In a vehicle. CAN stands for Controller Area Network and it was development was by Bosch, in 1980. Majority of new vehicles utilizes this system and it is becoming more difficult to install after-market products without the use of a CAN Bus Interface. CAN bus is commonly used in autonomous vehicles. 4. Capabilities and Potentials as well as the limitation for the various telematic devices in an autonomous vehicle 4.1. Disc Brakes Today, in almost all automobiles, both conventional and autonomous, disc brakes are the most found .They are better at stopping vehicles than many other type of brakes; which is why they are still in existence since 1902. High speed vehicles need better brakes to slow them down, so most probably a disc brake would be installed. Limitation Heat retention is a common problem with disc brakes. Unfortunately, this causes brake fade. It is where the brake components have absorbed all the heat they can possibly withstand. This means they are unable to absorb more energy and thus, will not be able to slow the car further. 4.2. Cruise Control It is definitely better to be in an autonomous vehicle. This makes life for the user easier as he do not need to drive. Also, with humans in control of the vehicle, a higher tendency of error occurs. In autonomous vehicles, one of the components that make the technology possible is the cruise control. The cruise control aids in automatically controlling the speed as well as maintaining a safe distance from the car in front. This makes travelling safer. Limitation The cruise control of todays autonomous vehicles can only track the car ahead of the equipped vehicle. This means safety is only taken in reference from the front, and not from the back. In the later part of this report, we will look into the intelligent cruise control. 4.3. Radar Sensor Radar aids in making a vehicle autonomous. Current technology enables radar to accurately detect at greater distances, identify up to 64 targets and can be integrated to an autonomous vehicle to assist in many various operations such as cruise control, braking, collision warning and headway alert. Limitation: Current implementations do not permit collision avoidance when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 4.4. CAN-bus With the huge reduction in wiring, this leads to the following:- (i) Vast reduction in production cost; which also leads to lower retail cost. (ii) Lighter weight for vehicle, thus leading to improved fuel consumption. (b) Reduced number of interconnections, which leads to improved reliability. Limitations Installation is relatively costly, and the requirement for specialised knowledge is needed for maintenance and repair of the vehicle. 5. Continued improvements for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles The first segment in this section discusses about the improvement in intelligence provided in a sensor over the years and how it has brought about major improvements. Second section will talk about the future sensors and actuators development in autonomous vehicles. 5.1.1. Increased level of intelligence provided in sensors has and explanation to why enhancing the intelligence of a typical sensor may encourage improved performance. This section discusses the details and describes the evolution of a critical sensor in the implementation of a safety critical active controller in passenger cars called ABS (Antilock Brake System). ABS works on the principle of optimizing the wheels slips (for maximizing the brake force) in the car during the event of braking. Wheel slips are defined as below: The critical task in controlling the braking wheels of the car boils down to evaluating the speed of the vehicle and hence estimating the deceleration desired and actually achieved. The difference of which triggers the actual hydraulic pressure build up in each wheel. The complex task of vehicle velocity estimation is done through using wheel speed sensors in each wheel of the car as shown below: Until the advent of active wheel speed sensors recently, global automotive industry was using the passive wheel speed sensors for calculating the wheel speeds. 5.1.1.1. Passive Sensors Passive sensors operate with a steel tone ring application. These variable reluctance sensors are used to measure speed/position of the vehicles tone ring. As the magnetic flux through the coil of the sensor is changed, so does the resulting voltage which is then measured and used to calculate wheel speed. This technology is considered outdated and is typically bypassed for active intelligent sensors. 5.1.1.2. Active Sensors (Intelligent) Standard active wheel speed sensors operate on the Hall Effect. They are able to be used with a magnetic encoder or steel tone ring application. As the magnetic flux changes (created by an internal magnet or the magnetic encoder), the hall sensor creates an output current which can be measured and converted into wheel speed. Standard WSS only measure wheel speed and do not have any additional signals for vehicle operation. A Hall element (square shaped semiconductor layer) is supplied by a permanent current (I const). Applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow the electrons are deflected due to the Lorenz force. This deflection can be measured as Hall voltage, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and the current flow (I const). The Hall voltage (V Hall) is directly proportional to the external magnetic field. The magnetic field is established either by a magnetic encoder or internal sensor magnet. These active sensors offer benefits when compared to passive sensors. The dominant factors that took the stride towards active intelligent wheel speed sensors were: Weight reduction. Size reduction. Reduction in Cost but improvement in performance. Low speed detection benefits. Passive sensors had the hurdle of building enough reluctance at low vehicle speeds but with active sensors wheel speeds can be detected with changing magnetic fields at as low as ~0.1 m/sec. Direction detection. With developing ASICs and also the magnetic encoders thereby made wheel speed sensors smarter and hence has led to the advantage of vehicle motion direction detection in the sensors. It effectively has offloaded the software task of direction detection by many folds. With detection possible at such low vehicle speeds a new development of Hill Hold Controllers was triggered in the industry. 5.1.2. Intelligent sensor and the mechanism for transferring the measurement to a central data logger or processor. Example is explained in the above question. The mechanism for transferring the measurement to a processor in this case it is ABS controller is here: CAN Bus ABS Controller Pressure application on each wheel Hydraulic controller With reference to the diagram above: The data or pulses/signals from the wheel speed sensors are collected in the special ASICs designed for this purpose from there a SPI bus architecture is used to transfer it to the software layer (HSW box above). Filtering and certain algorithms regarding determination of data usability are made in the stat machine of the software layer. Usable and filtered data is further passed down to the ABS controller through the CAN bus. ABS determines the pressure targets for each wheel and hydraulic controller applies the set targets on the individual wheels for attaining the desired stopping distance of the car. 5.2 Future Development for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles 5.2.1. Brakes In the future, the hydraulic line may not ever again be needed in an automobiles braking system. In fact, in a recent study performed by Frost Sullivan, it is predicted that, after the year 2010, the automobile industry will begin to replace hydraulic-braking systems with that of brake-by-wire. The utilization of the brake-by-wire technologies like the electro-mechanical braking system and the electronic-wedge brake is predicted to be the norm for future vehicles. This method of braking uses electronic signals instead of mechanical to achieve braking power. The electro mechanical barking system or EMB will not require hydraulic lines due to the activation of the brake being done within the wheel assembly itself. Instead of utilizing calipers, this system uses a wheel brake module. The module comprises of disc brakes and an electric motor which will be the one that activates the brakes during activation. As it is, this method of braking is known as brake-by-wire. Certain automobile companies have almost already fully implemented this system into their automobiles, namely Toyota and Mercedes. However, a full brake-by-wire system has yet to come out and will only be out in the near future. 5.2.2 Radar Future implementations will be the autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle detection sensor radar. This device, currently being tested, will assist in reducing the quantity of separated components that is required to satisfy the needs of an autonomous vehicle. The navigation and obstacle detection can be done with just one component device. If being mounted on a suitable spot on a vehicle, this all-rounder obstacles detection and navigation radar will eliminate the need for multiple contemporary radars. This will reduce the weight of the vehicle and thus, saving on fuel cost. Furthermore, future implementations will enable obstacle avoidance and prevent collision even when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 5.2.3. Intelligent Cruise Control In cars nowadays and in autonomous vehicles, the cruise control will only strive to maintain a safe distance from the front car. Unfortunately, this does not include the back car. With this new implementation, the spacing from the back vehicle will also be taken into consideration, together with the spacing from the front vehicle. This system also works and serves especially well when lane switching is being performed. This is due to the inadequate gap tendency between the front and back vehicle. 6. Conclusion The earlier sections in this report has aimed to bring about the ideas of current technology implementations of an autonomous vehicle. As demonstrated, there are still flaws within the system. However, with the intelligence of sensors increasing constantly, it is almost sure that many of the problems faced by autonomous vehicle manufacturers will be solved in the near future.

Audience Appeal in Romeo and Juliet Essays -- Romeo and Juliet Shakesp

Audience Appeal in Romeo and Juliet Despite the fact that the play Romeo and Juliet was written several hundred years ago, explain how it continues to appeal to an audience today. Despite the fact that the play "Romeo and Juliet" was written several hundred years ago, explain how it continues to appeal to an audience today. Referring to the play how does Shakespeare creates tension for the audience? Explain the use of language and the way the actors convey suspense and excitement. Refer specifically to Act 3 Scenes 4 and 5, to illustrate your views. The story of "Romeo and Juliet" appeals to people because it contains so many things, which they can relate to. The story contains emotions such as love (between Romeo and Juliet), hate (between the two families), Sadness (there are five deaths during the play) and humour (Mercutio (innuendos), the Nurse and Peter). Contrasts of ideas and the opposition between the characters make a play interesting. There are many such conflicts within the story of "Romeo and Juliet" The central of these conflicts been the feud between the two families, the Montagues and the Capulets. There is no apparent cause of this "ancient grudge" despite this many people die because of it. The members of each family seem to have an instinct to hate or even kill members of the other. There is also the contrast between life and death. This contrast can be connected with fate, which in Shakespeares' time was believed in a lot more than today. In the prologue we are told that Romeo and Juliet are "star-crossed lovers", "From forth the fatal lions of these two foes, A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life;" you could say that this means that they are ill fated, or t... ...ne shows the extent of Romeos' love for Juliet. His final speech is full of love and it shows that his suicide is not a reckless act. He loves Juliet more than life itself and believes that the only way in which the can be together is in death. He does not kill him self out of spite or the feeling of despair, but out of his love for Juliet and his unwillingness to carry on living without her. In conclusion the play "Romeo and Juliet" still appeals to an audience today as it did when it was written for many reasons. These include the use of tension to keep to audience on edge and the interesting use of language such as innuendoes and puns. Also the content of emotions and contrasts. Alough I did not enjoy the play "Romeo and Juliet" as much as some of Shakespeares' other plays, I still think that the way in which Shakespeare wrote it was very effective.

Gender Issues Related to Intersection Theory Essay

The society we are living in strives to attain equality in all aspects. These include the people’s race, class, and gender. It is evident that most places in the world today would want equal treatment for everyone, no matter what color of skin you have, no matter what class you were brought up into, and no matter what your gender is. There still are obvious distinctions between people, but it is not much of a concern in today’s society. This is what most of us aims for, despite the obstacles getting in the way. Despite all the efforts towards breaking the barriers of inequality, it still remains a big problem for our society, as it is difficult to do away with the things that people have been accustomed to. The most prevalent of all are gender related issues, the superiority complex between men and women, who get to boss around and who get to follow. These gender related issues can be traced back in the early years of the world’s history, as it was the men who were deemed to be superior to women. They were the ones which held great positions in the society, while women were treated as an ornament or something material. Later studies in the interaction of people in the society came up with the concept of an â€Å"intersection theory. † The intersection theory is a concept which relates a person’s race, socioeconomic status, and gender to their personal constructs and perceptions of reality. There was a growing call for the consideration of various interactions and interrelations among the people’s races, classes and their gender. Aggregations between women or men are not enough to be able to describe an individual’s position in a society he or she belongs to. Those who advocate this intersection theory aimed to devise new research strategies wherein they could effectively incorporate all three dimensions of stratification (race, class, gender) simultaneously in just a single frame of analysis. According to an article, gender class, race, and culture are the essential or the core components of a person’s identity formation, and are interlocking categories of experience that affects various aspects of human life. This is from the article The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class: An Overview and Guide to Teaching. According to this, throughout a person’s life, the factors which continually shape an individual’s image of himself and his place in the world are essentially the identity constructs of gender, race, class and culture. This article attempts to explore various multiple and dynamic intersections of one’s gender with race, culture, and class in the aspect of psychosocial identity formation. This is in order to reduce or minimize the risk from homogenizing or the polarization of the society’s understandings of these various characteristics. The goal was to be able to promote a dialogue among various helping professionals when it comes to the role of these simultaneous intersections, including its effect on the lives of clients, as well as address their problems, and to mainly empower them as individuals. This is much better than focusing on one aspect of identity only. In an article by Susanna George, she discusses about the intersectional approach which has been used for quite some time already, but is not duly recognized by many regarding concerns about gender, race, and class. The article Why Intersectionality Works talks more in terms of the positive consequences brought about by these identities. When it comes to the context of gender, George discusses that women continued to ponder on how gender affected their lives. But women are not the only ones involved with gender or sexism. Men as well, are driven towards an orientation towards success, competition, and the need to be in control because they are gendered beings, and were greatly influenced by these rigid and sexist discourses about how men should be and should not be. A series of seminars entitled Theorizing Race, Gender, and Class: A New Paradigm for Social Research, discussed how the society is slowly adapting towards the things being taught to a group of diverse audience. This is spearheaded by Dr. Bart Landry, wherein he talks about the emerging paradigm of Intersection Theory and Analysis. Through this, people are able to understand more about what is being taught, since their race, ethnicity, and gender are put into consideration. The problems regarding writing and teaching are being scrutinized so that the concern regarding the intersection of racial, ethnic, sexual, as well as the national origin diversities are being met and properly addressed. An article by the group, PeaceWomen: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom tackled about various relationships among women’s gender identity constructs, in line with the economic justice. The article Statement on Global Economy: Gender, Class and Racism hypothesized on various relationships regarding gender self-definition, as well as female identity development statuses and between gender self-acceptance and female identity development statuses. They also integrated feminist analysis of economic issues at a global level, where they intersected various elements of information that affects economy on the largest scale. Some of these hypothesis were supported and strengthened, including the finding which positively correlates gender self definition and self acceptance to ethnic identity. In David Levering Lewis Beyond Exclusivity: Writing Race, Class, Gender into U. S. History, the author discussed how scholars heavily relied on various images of race, class, and gender being viewed as â€Å"intersecting and interlocking† types of oppression and disempowerment mainly on women. This clearly defined how various feminists were able to come up with premises stating that race, class, and gender are social structural locations. These structural locations are the ones responsible for shaping up various perspectives. They also stated that there is no individual who is all-oppressed or all-oppressing, and that the meanings of race, class and gender are usually localized. These three all depend on and mutually constitute each other. In an article by Karen Hardee, there is a discussion on how gender, access and quality of care in reproductive services varied from different places. The factors include social categories of gender, sexuality, class and ethnicity including their relation to various subjectivities has attracted several theoretical attentions. The article The Intersection of Gender, Access, and Quality of Care in Reproductive Services: Examples from Kenya, India, and Guatemala, showed how the authors considered how these identities of class, gender and sexuality interrelate in practice. They achieved this b drawing and pondering on an empirical study of several women in the wine industry which they have undertaken, as well as the selection of some contemporary works which could be considered as links to multiple social categories. Conclusion Gender issues can be viewed from various perspectives. It could be from the point of view of the oppressed or from the vantage point of the oppressor. But looking closely at these issues, we could see that it is somewhat related to matters of equal importance. This includes concerns like race, class, or ethnicity, and no matter how one looks at it, there is truly a relationship between different identities. Because of this, it is important not to tackle one issue alone, instead take them as a whole, in order to better understand the matter. Gender issues are indeed, matters which should not be taken lightly. Quality of Sources: http://www. cofc. edu/~winfield/socy354/intersections. html This source is not biased because it demonstrated how intersection theory can be applied in various empirical studies through a series of testing. It is also from an educational institution which is why the information can be verified through an inquiry. http://www. isiswomen. org/wia/wiawcar/intersectionality. htm This source is biased because the author injected her own opinion regarding the concept of intersection of gender with other identities. This information is from a feminist organization, so the bias is clearly towards women. www. bsos. umd. edu/socy/People/Faculty/Syllabi/socy682_blandry. pdf This source is somewhat biased, as the author gave his perspective on the topic, injecting personal accounts and opinions in her discussions. But the credibility is still there, and it aims to educate people through a series of seminars. http://www. peacewomen. org/resources/Racial_Discrimination/csw2001race. html This source is somewhat biased, as it discussed various issues on gender and the global economy while addressing on the concerns of women empowerment. This information is also from a feminist organization so the bias would be towards women. silverdialogues. fas. nyu. edu/docs/CP/301/leveringlewis. pdf This source is biased as it offered the authors own perspective regarding the concepts of social inequality, including the various intersections of class, age, gender, ethnicity, and race. The content however, is credible, as it is supported by concrete information from other sources presented by the author. www. prb. org/pdf05/IntersectionOfGender. pdf The source is not biased and is credible because it illustrates various situations on the intersection of gender with other identities in the context of different countries. It is descriptive without the author injecting her personal views on the topic. http://www. classism. org/home_intersection. html The source is biased because it seeks to persuade people regarding the various identities, so its bias would be those who are negatively affected by this matter. http://gateway. nlm. nih. gov/MeetingAbstracts/102262300. html The source is not biased and is credible because it conducted a series of tests in order to arrive at a certain conclusion, without the author injecting personal opinion about the research and how it should turn out.http://he-cda. wiley. com/WileyCDA/HigherEdTitle/productCd-0787976636. html The source is biased because the article is highly opinionated, where arguments from the author are mainly her own perspective. www. courts. state. pa. us/Index/Supreme/BiasCmte/FinalReport. ch14. pdf The article is not biased, as it was able to arrive at a conclusion by means of a series of test regarding a certain concern. References: 2002. The Intersection of Racial and Gender Bias. www. courts. state. pa. us/Index/Supreme/BiasCmte/FinalReport.ch14. pdf. February 4, 2008. Classism. org. 2007. Intersections: Race, Class & Gender. http://www. classism. org/home_intersection. html. February 4, 2008. Susanna George. 2001. Why Intersectionality Works. http://www. isiswomen. org/wia/wiawcar/intersectionality. htm. February 4, 2008. Karen Hardee. 2005. The Intersection of Gender, Access, and Quality of Care in Reproductive Services: Examples from Kenya, India, and Guatemala. www. prb. org/pdf05/IntersectionOfGender. pdf. February 4, 2008. Bart Landry. 2003. Theorizing Race, Gender, and Class: A New Paradigm for Social Research. www. bsos. umd. edu/socy/People/Faculty/Syllabi/socy682_blandry. pdf. February 4, 2008. David Levering Lewis. 2001. Beyond Exclusivity: Writing Race, Class, Gender Into U. S. History. silverdialogues. fas. nyu. edu/docs/CP/301/leveringlewis. pdf. February 4, 2008 PeaceWomen. org. 2001. Statement on Global Economy: Gender, Class and Racism. http://www. peacewomen. org/resources/Racial_Discrimination/csw2001race. html. February 4, 2008. L. Roberts. 2003. The Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, Class and Gender in Adolescent Dating Relationships: An Exploratory Study of Intimate Violence and HIV Risk. http://gateway. nlm. nih. gov/MeetingAbstracts/102262300. html. February 4, 2008. Amy J. Schulz. 2005. Gender, Race, Class and Health: Intersectional Approaches. http://he-cda. wiley. com/WileyCDA/HigherEdTitle/productCd-0787976636. html. February 4, 2008. The Institute for Teaching and Research on Women. 2006. The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class: An Overview and Guide to Teaching. http://www. cofc. edu/~winfield/socy354/intersections. html. February 4, 2008.

Recent Global Economic Recession - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4086 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Investment Essay Did you like this example? Foreign Investment during the recent global economic recession ABSTRACT:- The year 2008 marked the end of a growth cycle in international investment that started in 2004 and saw world foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows reach a historic record of $1. 9 trillion in 2007. Since then FDIs have been decreasing. The fall in global FDI in 2008–2009 is the result of two major factors affecting domestic as well as international investment. First, the capability of firms to invest has been reduced by a fall in access to financial resources, both internally – due to a decline in corporate profits – and externally – due to the lower availability and higher cost of finance. Second, the propensity to invest has been affected negatively by economic prospects, especially in developed countries that are hit by the most. The setback in FDI has particularly affected cross-border mergers and acquisitions (MAs), the value of which was in sharp decline in 2008 a nd early 2009 as compared to the previous year’s historic high. It has also taken the form of a rising wave of divestments and restructurings. Nevertheless, some favorable factors for FDI growth are still at work, some of which are even a consequence of the crisis itself. Public policies will obviously play a major role in the restoration of favourable conditions for a quick recovery in FDI flows. Structural reforms aimed at ensuring more stability in the global financial system, renewed commitment to an open environment for inward and outward FDI and the implementation of policies aimed at promoting investment and innovation are key issues in this respect. INTRODUCTION:- The current global financial crisis has its roots in the US, Europe and other advanced countries. Its proximate causes include sub-prime lending, faulty distribution models, unsustainable financial engineering and derivatives usage, and faulty credit rating by agencies, a lax regulation and large globa l imbalances in those countries. But the fundamental cause of the crisis was the loose and excessively accommodative monetary policy followed by the US and other advanced economies from 2002-04. The global economic crisis has triggered a slowdown in global economic growth that is manifesting itself in a demand-driven fall in international trade exacerbated by the deficit of credit and trade finance; falling commodity prices; declining remittances; contracting foreign direct investment (FDI); and the potential of declining official development assistance (ODA). With a globalized system, a credit crunch can ripple through the entire (real) economy very quickly turning a global financial crisis into a global economic crisis. EFFECT ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT:- The financial instability triggered by the United States subprime crisis which began in summer 2007 has led to a progressive deterioration of the investment situation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows declined by more than 20% in 2008 . In 2007, the capital outflows from US to emerging market economies spurted to around $600 billion per annum, only to crash soon . The effect of the sudden reverse flow of capital (particularly of portfolio investments) was a particularly traumatic experience for the EMEs. It had severe implications for their monetary management and financial stability. The global crisis has a direct bearing on capital inflows into India. The rate of FDI inflow recorded an increase in 2008-09 compared to the previous year, the FIIs (net) recorded heavy stream of outflows from India in 2008-09 contrary to a healthy rate of inflow in the previous year . A major challenge for developing countries is to continue to attract foreign investment during the crisis to stimulate economic activity, especially for investments that serve long-term development goals and enhance competitiveness (e. g. investments in infrastructure, agriculture, sustainable energy, material/resource/energy efficiency and technology). While 2007 was a record year for FDI to developing countries , equity finance is under pressure and corporate and project finance is already weakening . The proposed Xstrata takeover of a South African mining conglomerate was put on hold as the financing was harder due to the credit crunch . There are several other examples e. g. in India . In the face of the global economic slowdown (and recession in a number of major economies), tighter credit conditions and falling corporate profits, many companies have announced plans to curtail production, lay off workers and cut capital expenditure, all of which has implications for FDI . However, the impact of the crisis varies widely, depending on region and country, with consequences for the geographic pattern of FDI flows . The current crisis began in the developed world, though it is rapidly spreading to developing and transition economies. Developed countries have thus been directly hit by the financial crisis, wh ile its effects on developing economies have so far been indirect in most cases, with varying degrees of severity among regions and countries. This has direct consequences on the geographical patterns of FDI inflows. There is ample evidence that the global crisis is having a negative impact on international investment. Tighter credit conditions and lower corporate profits have weakened companies’ capability to finance their overseas projects; while the global economic recession and a heightened appreciation of risks have eroded business confidence. Many large TNCs have revised their global expansion plans downward, and divestments have taken place . The trend is widespread, hitting all sectors and all three major types of foreign investment (i. e. market-, efficiency- and resource-seeking foreign investment) . FDI flows to financial services, automotive industries, building materials, intermediate goods, and some consumption goods have been the most significantly affect ed, but the consequences of the crisis have been quickly expanding to FDI in other activities, ranging from the primary sector to non-financial services. Concrete examples of decreases in FDI †¢Financial services are experiencing a wave of restructuring in most affected countries. AIG of the United States, for example, is selling off its Japanese and Philippines insurance affiliates . In the mining industry, Rio Tinto (United Kingdom and Australia) and Anglo American (United Kingdom) have indicated that they will reconsider their global expansion plans in the light of waning business confidence and the worsening economic outlook . British Petroleum announced in October 2008 that it will cut 5,000 jobs worldwide in 2009, mainly in developed markets . †¢In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, there has been a spate of mine closures forced by the global economic downturn, and fly-by-night investors have undermined the mining industry’s sustainability and the welfare of its workers. In the automotive industry, leading United States automobile maker General Motors announced in November 2008 – even before the bailout granted by the United States Federal Government – plans to cut costs and capital spending while raising funds through the sale of assets . Daewoo, a subsidiary of General Motors, announced that it would temporarily close Republic of Korea factories in the same month . Opel, a subsidiary of General Motors, has asked for more public support from the German Government . Ford shut down its operations in Berdaux, France, due to poor sales, from October 2008 to January 2009 . French automaker PSA halted its car production in China, and it intends to temporarily close factories in Spain and France. Another French automaker, Renault, also plans to reduce jobs significantly in Europe. Nissan also eliminated 20,000 jobs . †¢Lafarge the world’s largest cement producer also sold its cement and aggregates u nits in Italy to local group Sacci . †¢GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom), the world’s second largest drug maker by revenue, is cutting its operations in the United States . French cosmetics group L’Oreal, faced with a sales slump, announced in November that it would close two factories in Europe, one in Monaco and one in Wales (United Kingdom) . †¢ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) and POSCO (Republic of Korea) have started to revise their growth plans . The setback in FDI has particularly affected cross-border mergers and acquisitions (MAs). It has also taken the form of a rising wave of divestments and restructurings. International Greenfield investments have been less impacted to this point, but could be increasingly affected in 2009 as a large number of projects are presently being cancelled or postponed. In developing and transition economies, FDI inflows have so far remained more resilient. The growth rate of FDI inflows to developing countries, while lower t han in 2007 (when it exceeded 20 per cent) should still reached 4 per cent. The situation is rapidly deteriorating. UNCTAD estimates that global FDI inflows declined by 15 per cent in 2008, to about $1. 6 trillion This sharp decrease marks the end of a growth cycle which lasted four years. Further decline is anticipated for 2009, especially as regards flows into developing countries. While the decrease in FDI inflows has hit developed countries the hardest, some developing economies with open but weak financial systems are also very vulnerable to external shocks . They face unprecedented challenges from the possible drying up of financial flows from both official and private sources. For example, FDI inflows are expected to have declined sharply in such countries as Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Singapore and Turkey, due to fallout from the financial crisis. A major exception is the United States, where FDI flows may have risen by 38 per cent in 2008 to $321 bill ion (annex table). This can be explained by two major factors: foreign parent companies may have transferred capital to their United States affiliates in financial distress, in the form of equity or intra-company loans, and/or the crisis in the United States economy has triggered new opportunities for the acquisition of local firms by foreign interests . Reduced access to finance. Financial factors have negatively affected TNCs’ capacity to invest , both internally and externally, as tighter credit conditions and lower corporate profits curtail TNCs’ financial resources for overseas investment projects (as well as domestic ones). On the one hand, credit has become less abundant and more expensive. The external funding environment for non-financial companies has deteriorated markedly since mid-2008 , making it more difficult for them to invest in foreign operations or to make cross-border MA deals. The gloomy evolution of markets, including the looming sharp econo mic recession worldwide (and even recession in a number of developed countries) and a heightened appreciation of risk, has also reduced firms’ propensity to invest for further expansion both domestically and internationally of production capacity. Risk aversion. Companies’ investment plans may also be scaled back due to a high level of perceived risks and uncertainties, in order to develop resilience to possible â€Å"worst-case† scenarios regarding financial and economic conditions . There has been a recent rise in divestments and restructuring of operations. Companies indeed undertake divestments and make cuts in existing production capacity – either by shutting down plants or factory lines, or by selling some of their assets to other companies– to restructure foreign operations, save costs, or improve their balance-sheet situation, especially through lowering the debt-equity ratio . There is also evidence that cross-border MAs have already be en sharply affected as a direct consequence of the crisis, with a 17 per cent decline in cross-border MAs in the first 10 months of 2008 as compared to the same period of 2007. The decline in cross-border MAs is of utmost importance for FDI flows, which are strongly correlated with cross-border MA amounts. However, positive driving forces remain at work. There are a number of reasons why TNCs might remain committed to FDI, even in the midst of the crisis. First, a number of large emerging economies, such as Brazil, China, India and the Russian Federation, have remained attractive to FDI, particularly to market-seeking FDI. They maintained relatively high economic growth rates (compared to advanced economies) in 2008 . As prospects continue to deteriorate in developed countries (more markedly than in developing ones), investors will favour the relatively more profitable options available in developing countries . Examples of FDI in developing and transition economies arising fr om continuing market opportunities in those countries, or the longer-time horizons of investing TNCs include: †¢PepsiCo announced in early November that it would invest an additional $1 billion to expand its production in China in the next four years , while at the same time shutting down six factories and laying off 3,300 workers in the United States in order to cut costs . Italian automaker Fiat Group and OJSC Sollers signed a letter of intent in November to expand production of Fiat cars in the Russian Federation , where demand remains strong, despite the slowdown in the automobile industry in Europe and the United States. This is part of the shift of production towards emerging economies. For example, in 2008, the total number of car sales in the â€Å"BRIC† countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India and China) was expected to exceed that in the United States . Second, financial crises and tough economic periods also offer opportunities to companies to buy a ssets at â€Å"bargain prices† and take advantage of large-scale industry consolidation in some activities. For aggressive, cash-rich TNCs – or those from cash-rich countries – the acquisition of undervalued assets may boost their investment in both developed and developing countries, depending on the circumstance and opportunities . Examples of increases in FDI through cross-border MAs:- Japanese financial companies have recently acquired several United States financial companies affected by the financial crisis . †¢Financial companies established abroad by Icelandic firms were also bought up: Glitnir AB (a branch of Glitnir in Sweden), and DLG Ltd. and Kaupthing Singer Friedland Premium Finance Ltd. in the United Kingdom, both of which were owned by Kaupthing Bank, were acquired by HQ AB (Sweden), DM Plc (United Kingdom) and Close Brothers Group Plc (United Kingdom), respectively, in 2008 . Several mega MA deals (those with an acquisition value of over $ 1 billion) have occurred in manufacturing industries (such as computer equipment, aircraft and pharmaceuticals) in the United States since September 2008 . Third, companies are still committed to increasing their level of internationalization in the medium term, a finding which constitutes a significant indicator for a future upturn in FDI flows . Large TNCs around the world still seem to be eager to pursue internationalization strategies (and thus increase FDI expenditures in the medium-to-long term). Fourth, new sources of FDI have emerged, especially from the South. Emerging economies and countries well-endowed with natural resources are becoming a growing source of FDI, either through the internationalization strategies carried out by their TNCs, or through the investment activities of their SWFs. FDI inflows The global economic crisis has translated into a sharp decline in FDI inflows both for developed and developing countries. FDI into developed countries in 2008 decreased by an estimated 25 per cent compared to 2007, mainly as a result of the protracted and deepening problems affecting financial institutions and the liquidity crisis in financial markets. As cross-border mergers and acquisitions account for the bulk of FDI in most developed countries, these countries are particularly vulnerable to the credit crunch . Almost all developing countries and countries with economies in transition have been affected by the global financial and economic crisis, but to different degrees. The setback is associated with a rising wave of restructuring and divestment and the cancellation of a large number of Greenfield projects, as well as a decline in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Compared to cross-border mergers and acquisitions, international Greenfield investments were less impacted in 2008. But they were increasingly being affected in 2009, as a large number of projects awere being cancelled or postponed. FDI outflows FDI outflows from the Uni ted States went down as large repatriations of reinvested earnings and debt from foreign affiliates of the United States corporate sector took place and new investments abroad were halted . FDI outflows from Europe also declined. FDI outflows from the South slowed down, but to a lesser degree than those from the North. Therefore, the share of developing countries in global FDI outflows continues to rise, highlighting an increasingly significant presence of TNCs from the South. Many of them see their capability and propensity to invest abroad inevitably weakened due to the global financial crisis. However, in a few dynamically growing countries, the driving forces of capital outflows, such as a large amount of foreign currency reserves, enhanced firm competitiveness and supportive government policies are still at work . In addition, companies and sovereign wealth funds from these economies are, in general, less affected by the financial turmoil than are enterprises in developed countries; they may continue to be active in overseas investment as part of their long-term strategies and become more important actors in the global FDI arena . For them, the global financial crisis and tough economic period ahead may create good opportunities to buy bargain assets, which can help promote cross-border mergers and acquisitions. However, they have also become more cautious in view of the considerable financial losses that some recent overseas investments have caused. POLICY RESPONSES – KEEPING INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT FLOWING AND REVIEWING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES India has made changes in its FDI regulations several times. One in December 2008, wherein larger share of foreign ownership in many activities such as industrial parks, mining and petroleum, air transport was decided. And the other in February 2009 , which facilitated application of caps on foreign ownership in strategic sector (defence, aviation, telecommunications). It also swt out new paramenters to calculate parameters for calculation of indirect foreign investment in an Indian company . It further clarified the circumstances in which an Indian company with foreign investment will be required to obtain government approval for making downstream investments in India. Another protectionist measures include state initiatives to come up with a funding package of $6. 8 billion or 300 billion rupees – this fund will be used for infrastructure, i. e. schools, roads, and hospitals . The offers announced by Union Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, in Union Budget 2010-11, to enhance investment ambiance in India on February 26, 2010 entail: †¢Measures implemented to un-complicate the FDI system †¢System for computation of indirect foreign investment in Indian firms has been comprehensively classified. †¢Entire liberalization of costing and imbursement of technology transmit charges and trademark, and royalty expenses. Additionally, the Indian government has permitted the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), to sanction FDI tenders of up to US$ 358. 3 million. The global financial and economic crisis has stimulated consideration and implementation of mitigating policies and measures by countries and the international community. Some of these measures are valid in terms of safeguarding domestic industries and jobs . The challenge is to restore the credibility and stability of the international financial system, to provide stimulus to economic growth and to encourage investment and innovation. A number of policy initiatives at the national level could stimulate FDI. Three categories of policy measures can be distinguished. First, many developed countries have adopted large-scale bailout plans and rescue packages for the financial sector . Providing State guarantees to financial institutions could have a crowding-in effect on FDI, as these companies might be considered as â€Å"safe† investments by foreign in vestors. Moreover, some countries have even actively sought the participation of foreign investors in individual rescue deals . Second, several countries – such as the United States, France, Germany and Spain – have announced large public investment programmes, mainly aimed at infrastructure investments, which not only builds confidence in economy but also opens up investment opportunities by TNCs. Third, a number of countries have adopted fiscal or monetary stimulus measures which might also have a positive impact on FDI flows. PROTECTIONISM IS STILL A THREAT Over recent months, many national governments have resorted to various policy measures to safeguard domestic industries and employment affected by the global crisis. With regard to investment, there are few signs of deliberate government actions to impede the cross-border flow of investment in reaction to the crisis. However, there is a risk that the massive increase in state intervention and the greater ro le of governments as economic agents could have a downside in terms of indirectly impacting investment policies, especially in terms of active policies favoring investment domestically and discouraging investing abroad. One of the more interesting aspects of the current wave of investment protectionism is governments† response to sovereign investments. The number and size of worldwide SovereignWealth Funds (â€Å"SWFs†) have both seen substantial increase between 1990 and today. Numerous governments in developed countries have partially or fully nationalized domestic companies or are envisaging such a step . For instance, the French Government established a Strategic Investment Fund in December 2008 , which since then has acquired shares in several distressed companies. In February 2009, it augmented its capital participation in VALEO, a French producer of car parts . Reducing foreign investment, including divestment abroad, may be an economic necessity and may be unavoidable even in the absence of state intervention. Much depends on whether the trend towards more state ownership and control remains a temporary â€Å"fire fighting† measure during the crisis, or whether it results in more permanent structural changes with long-term implications. Nationalization policies and increasing state interference reduce investment opportunities for private investors – domestic and foreign – and may create an investment disincentive. While many private investors may currently not have much interest in acquiring enterprises that were or are to be bailed out, state ownership or control may become a more serious investment obstacle in the future if it is maintained after the actual crisis is over. A key global priority must be to resist and arrest tendencies towards protectionism and economic nationalism. In this regard, confidence in the multilateral trading system must be strengthened, with strong support by all countries to concl ude the Doha Round on balanced and pro-development terms on an urgent basis. To avoid divestment, developing countries need to consider how to accommodate the cost-saving strategies of TNCs. For instance, a number of developing countries have included tax relief in their economic stimulus packages . CONCLUSION: The negative impact of the current financial crisis and the economic aftermath from it on FDI are likely to become stronger, and a further decline in global FDI flows is expected at least in the short-to-medium term. Countries with healthy macroeconomic fundamentals and robust financial systems are likely to recover sooner. Despite clear signals of economic slowdown, a number of large dynamically growing economies may remain attractive to market-seeking FDI, There are however a few positive forces still at work that can provide some relief to global investment flows. These include, for example, investment opportunities triggered by cheap asset prices and industry restru cturing, large amounts of financial resources available in some dynamically growing countries such as sovereign wealth funds, and quick expansion of new activities such as fuel switching, renewable energy, material/resource/energy efficiency and some other environment-related industries. The crisis was less destructive to FDI than had been feared. While investment budgets, including those for FDI, were squeezed during the crisis, TNCs did not engage in wholesale divestment of their foreign affiliates. The crisis did, however, accentuate one recent trend, namely the shifting of TNCs? geographical focus to developing and transition economies. Also, the various economic stimulus programmes recently launched in many countries may have a positive impact on FDI inflows. The commitment of G20 leaders to take steps to facilitate trade and investment may also help to improve business confidence among companies. BIBLIOGRAPHY:- Articles †¢The Global Economic Downturn and Protectioni sm, Raymond J. Ahearn, Congressional Research Service †¢Protectionism And Sovereign Investment Post Global Recession, Dr. Efraim Chalamish , OECD Global Forum on International Investment †¢UNCTAD Investment Brief, Global FDI in Decline due to the Financial Crisis, and a Further Drop Expected, November 1, 2009 †¢Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development? , Theodore H. Moran, Edward M. 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