The Basics of Telescopes

Sooner or later, every stargazer decides its time to be buying a telescope. Its an exciting next step to further exploration of the cosmos. However, as with any other major purchase, theres a lot to learn about these universe exploration engines, ranging from power to price. The first thing a user wants to do is figure out their observational goals. Are they interested in planetary observing? Deep-sky exploration? Astrophotography? A little of everything? How much money do they want to spend? Knowing the answer to those questions will help narrow down a telescope choice. Telescopes come in three basic designs: refractor, reflector, and catadioptric, plus some variations on each of the types. Each has its pluses and minuses, and of course, each type can cost a little or a lot depending on the quality of the optics and the accessories needed.   Refractors and How They Work A refractor is a telescope that uses two lenses to deliver a view of a celestial object. At one end (the one farther away from the viewer), it has a large lens, called the objective lens or object glass. On the other end is the lens the user looks through. It is called the ocular or eyepiece. They work together to deliver the sky view. The objective collects light and focuses it as a sharp image. This image gets magnified and is what the stargazer sees through the ocular. This eyepiece is adjusted by sliding it in and out of the telescope body to focus the image. Reflectors and How They Work A reflector works a bit differently. Light is gathered at the bottom of the scope by a concave mirror, called the primary. The primary has a parabolic shape. There are several ways the primary can focus the light, and how it is done determines the type of reflecting telescope. Many observatory telescopes, such as Gemini in Hawaii or the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope  use a photographic plate to focus the image. Called the prime focus position, the plate is located near the top of the scope. Other such scopes use a secondary mirror, placed in a similar position as the photographic plate, to reflect the image back down the body of the scope, where it is viewed through a hole in the primary mirror. This is known as a Cassegrain focus.   Newtonians and How They Work Then, theres the Newtonian, a kind of reflecting telescope. It got its name when  Sir Isaac Newton dreamed up the basic design. In a Newtonian telescope, a flat mirror is placed at an angle in the same position as the secondary mirror in a Cassegrain. This secondary mirror focuses the image into an eyepiece located in the side of the tube, near the top of the scope. Catadioptric Telescopes Finally, there are catadioptric telescopes, which combine elements of refractors and reflectors in their design. The first such telescope was created by German astronomer Bernhard Schmidt in 1930. It used a primary mirror at the back of the telescope with a glass corrector plate in the front of the telescope, which was designed to remove spherical aberration. In the original telescope, photographic film was placed at the prime focus. There were no secondary mirror or eyepieces. The descendant of that original design, called the Schmidt-Cassegrain design, is the most popular type of telescope. Invented in the 1960s, it has a secondary mirror that bounces light through a hole in the primary mirror to an eyepiece. The second style of catadioptric telescope was invented by a Russian astronomer, D. Maksutov. (A Dutch astronomer, A. Bouwers, created a similar design in 1941, before Maksutov.) In the Maksutov telescope, a more spherical corrector lens than in the Schmidt is utilized. Otherwise, the designs are quite similar. Today’s models are known as Maksutov –Cassegrain. Refractor Telescope Advantages and Disadvantages After initial alignment, which is necessary to have the optics work well together, refractor optics are resistant to misalignment. The glass surfaces are sealed inside the tube and rarely need cleaning. The sealing also minimizes effects from air currents that can muddy the view. This is one way that users can get steady sharp views of the sky. Disadvantages include a number of possible aberrations of the lenses. Also, since lenses need to be edge supported, this limits the size of any refractor. Reflector Telescope Advantages and Disadvantages Reflectors do not suffer from chromatic aberration. Their mirrors are easier to build without defects than lenses are since only one side of a mirror is used. Also, because the support for a mirror is from the back, very large mirrors can be built, making larger scopes. The disadvantages include ease of misalignment, the need for frequent cleaning, and possible spherical aberration, which is a defect in the actual lens that can blur the view. Once a user has a basic understanding of the types of scopes on the market, they can focus on getting the right-sized one to view their favorite targets with. They can learn more about some mid-range-priced telescopes on the market. It never hurts to browse the marketplace and learn more about specific instruments.  And, the best way to sample different telescopes is to go to a star party and ask other scope owners if theyre willing to let someone take a look through their instruments. Its an easy way to compare and contrast the view through different instruments. Edited and updated by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Power Of Shakespeare s Othello And The Tempest - 2263 Words

How is power presented in Othello and The Tempest The theme of power is presented in the ‘The Tempest’ and ‘Othello’ by Shakespeare using different power dynamics between the main characters in the plays. ‘Othello’, a play written in the early 17th century, in the Elizabethan era shows power using the main characters and their interactions with each other, and ‘The Tempest’, a play written later in the 17th century, in the Jacobean era, does likewise. If you compare the plays, you have the two malcontent characters, Iago from Othello and Prospero from The Tempest. Both of these characters feel wronged and therefore act in revenge and show their power. Moreover, Shakespeare explores what power’s take precedence other each over, the powerlessness of women using Desdemona from Othello and Miranda from The Tempest. and just the general power dynamics such as manipulation. Power is a key theme in Othello. In both plays power is used to manipulate other characters and control events. Iago uses his power of language to control and bend people’s action while Prospero uses magic to control everyone else on the island. In the contemporary era (when Othello was written) power controlled everything, your status, respect and it made you a leader. Iago believes he deserves the role of the lieutenant however according to the Elizabethan chain of being Iago as an â€Å"ancient† would never be eligible for that position, even with his experience. Act 1 Scene 1, Iago reveals the truth aboutShow MoreRelatedComparing Power in The Tempest and Othello1801 Words   |  8 PagesComparing Power in ‘The Tempest’ and ‘Othello’ Both plays are about the ultimate struggle for power. Power can be shown in many ways such as race, gender, ‘others’, social class, and most importantly through use of language. Power can be shown in both plays through the use of ‘otherness’. This can be associated with power as characters such as Othello or Caliban are ‘others’ because they are from ‘elsewhere’. One such character who could be described as an ‘other’ is Othello. Bill Bryson suggestedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Great Writer2074 Words   |  9 Pages William Shakespeare was a great English writer from several centuries ago and is often seen as one of the most remarkable writers to this day. He not only projects deeper ideas throughout his various types of plays, but he also never ceased to entertain the common man or the families of royalty. â€Å"Shakespeare s words and phrases have become so familiar to us that it is sometimes with a start th at we realize we have been speaking Shakespeare when we utter a clichà © such as ‘one fell swoop’ or ‘notRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English languageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the E ngland s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in EnglishRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello 1386 Words   |  6 Pagespalpable horror of love gone amiss. In â€Å"OTHELLO,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"MACBETH,† and many more dramas, love’s fatal potential to provoke vengeance or the quest for earthly power is powerfully felt. These are epic investigations of love’s progression. A sonnet, however, is the equivalent of the modern short story. It is a snapshot of a single, significant experience. In two of Shakespeare’s sonnets – diverse in time and temperament, but complimentary in their conclusions – Shakespeare states his deepest feelings about theRead More Othe llo: True Love and Self-love Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesOthello: True Love and Self-love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The William Shakespeare tragic play Othello manifests the virtue of love in all its variegated types through the assorted good and bad characters interacting with each other.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the love of the Moor for his beloved even at the time of her murder:    And when he comes to execute justice upon Desdemona, as he thinks, he has subdued his passionRead MoreTragic Drama According to AC Bradleys Theory of Shakespeare and a Comparison of Arthur Miller and August Wilsons Concept of Tragedy2899 Words   |  12 PagesPart one: Tragic drama according to A.C. Bradleys theory of Shakespeare The substance of Shakespeares tragedy solely points out to the power of death. In this five act play, the death of important characters suffices for the cruel reality of life. However, a completely realm is required in order to observe Shakespeares version of tragedy. Shakespeare has used tragedy to explain on the major paradoxes of life. It can be called a Paradox of disappointment. Defeat, unfulfilled desired, failed hopesRead MoreEssay Revenge in Shakespeares The Tempest3169 Words   |  13 PagesRevenge in Shakespeares The Tempest The nucleus of the plot in Shakespeares The Tempest revolves around Prospero enacting his revenge on various characters who have wronged him in different ways. Interestingly enough, he uses the spirit of Ariel to deliver the punishments while Prospero delegates the action. Prospero is such a character that can concoct methods of revenge but hesitates to have direct involvement with disillusioning his foes. In essence, Prospero sends Ariel to do his dirtyRead More Shakespeares World Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pagesevery nation on earth reads, studies and performs the works of William Shakespeare. No writer of any country, nor any age, has ever enjoyed such universal popularity. Neither has any writer been so praised. As William Hazlitt observed, quot;The most striking peculiarity of Shakespeares mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds.quot; It is perhaps this quality that has earned Shakespeare the supreme accolade, that of lending his name to an era. Other than aRead More William Shakespeares Use of Song in the Early Comedies3188 Words   |  13 Pagesasleep (II.ii.7), this lullaby serves to advance the plot: during the song the queen not only retires but achieves such slumber as endures undisturbed by King Oberons ensuing mischief. This function resembles that of Let Me the Canakin Clink in Othello II.iii.71-75), explains Seng: not only to establish an atmosphere . . . but to stretch stage-time and make Cassios rapid drunkenness plausible (186). Further, Seng relates, an Elizabethan audience believed that music had actual therapeutic

Legal and Professional Issues in Nursing- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theLegal and Professional Issues in Nursing for Justice. Answer: Nursing is a fulfilling career; however, it also faces various challenges. Even though, there is no clear answer to the frequently ethical issues faced by nurses, there are set of standards that control ethical decision making. These legal mechanisms are applied to ensure that there is high standard of ethics. Therefore, this paper examines ethical legal issues in nursing practice. Major Ethics and their Application Some of the most common ethical principles that nurses use include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, justice and beneficence. These standards are the guidance to nurses in making ethical decisions. The rules define the ethical principles for nurses across all levels, settings and roles, provide directions, and sets expectations (Oppenheimer, LaVan Martin 2015, p.522). One of the ethical issues that may arise is patient freedom verses nurse control. Nurses know their work, but there are some situations where patients make their own decision and refuse to follow the advice given to them by the nurse. Even though nurses are not bound to sign a Hippocratic Oath, they are bound by the promise to devote themselves to ensure that patients are able to access care and to live up to the principles of profession. In this case, the beneficence principle which is a rule to do good based on the issue at hand applies (Staunton and Chiarella 2013, p.35). Besides, nurses have this duty to care for their patients, and so, autonomy is also applicable. Non-maleficence, on the other hand, is the act of doing no harm on the choice taken (Staunton and Chiarella 2013, p.35). In the reproduction rights, for example, there is an argument between pro-life and pro-choice, which is based on an individuals cultural beliefs and values. A pro-life is a situation whereby a patient feels that it is her right to abort. On the other hand, if the nurse is a pro-choice, can she respect her patients rights of choosing to continue with pregnancy even if it is threatening her life? Of course, not! The nurse will opt to carry out an abortion provided there is no harm done to the patient. Additionally, the other ethical dilemma is the honesty versus information. In many cases, families fail to disclose the truth by trying to protect the patient from emotional problem. However, nurses believe that patients have rights to know what is happening in their body even if telling them will cause harm. Deciding on which information to be shared could be a difficu lt part of the nurses responsibilities. In this case, justice principle is used to help nurses in this dilemma. Besides the core responsibilities of preventing illness, promoting health, and reducing suffering, nurses are required to have respect for human rights. These rights may include cultural rights, right to dignity, right to life and choice, and to accord respect to patients. Legal Issues Nursing practice of legal application is based on license, federal laws, scope of practice, state, and patients expectations that they practice at high level of education (Monaliza, Kalia Ghai 2014, p.20). When nurses perform below expected principles of competence and care, they might face litigation as provided by the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law. Common litigations include negligence, malpractice, and failing to practice a reasonable level of care. Litigation together with the professional license review could result in lose of nurses license. Conclusion In sum, nurses have both legal and ethical obligation to care. Generally, nurses are bound to seeing the patients for evaluation of health needs and to determine the level of care needed. Nurses face many challenges, however, they have a greater opportunity to contribute in positive ways to improve the health of the vulnerable people and to have a larger impact on the greater public health. Reference List Monaliza, Kalia, R, Ghai, S. 2014, 'Registered Nurses' Experiences Of Ethical And Human Rights Issues In Nursing Practice: Frequency And Handling', Baba Farid University Nursing Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 15-22. Oppenheimer, M, LaVan, H, Martin, W. 2015, 'A Framework for Understanding Ethical and Efficiency Issues in Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Litigation', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 505-524. Staunton, P. and Chiarella, M. 2013, Law for nurses and midwives. 7th ed. Australia: Churchill Livingstone Australia, pp.25-36.

The three perspectives free essay sample

The Three Perspectives Every interaction that occurs is a product of societal teachings of what is considered deviant. It has a hand in every aspect of a persons actions and emotions. The teaching of society dictates when it is appropriate to initiate the use of a certain action and express a particular emotion so that no act of deviance occurs. These teachings of deviance are made under this notion to understand people who act different from the social norm. This creates the question, why do these acts of deviance occur or why is this person a deviant? Society uses the question why, as a basis to create theoretical perspectives regarding deviance and social control to produce an answer relative to that time period. The perspectives are molded around what the majority of society does, the social norm, in order to fix or scare the deviant behavior out, thus the root of social control is created. We will write a custom essay sample on The three perspectives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As society progressed and the same question why was ask, perspectives shifted to fulfill the question of the origin of deviant acts. The three key perspectives start with Christian demonology then shift to Classical criminology followed by Medicalization of deviance. These three theoretical erspectives were each molded out of the social norm associated with that era. These perspectives each highlighted a point of reality in which to build upon in the creation of the perspective and discounted other aspects to generate what is considered deviant. The oldest known of the three theoretical perspectives, Christian Demonology, is the start to answering the question of why deviance is occurring. This question leads to the social control being induced so that society will stay in the hegemonic circle relative to that era. The regulation and differentiation of people is known to begin with Christian Demonology. The deviance related with this perspective is through sin. Humans succumb to deviance in one of two ways. Act of deviance through the Christian demonology perspective is a two-part road that consists of temptation, followed by possession equating the rest of the rode of deviance (pfohl 20). While still on the road of temptation the act of demonic deviance behavior is not a forgone conclusion. The option of choice is still lingering, temptations to do acts of evil are present. The demonic deviance rode of temptation is prevalent in the bible. Through our biblical parents the prevalence of demonic deviance is associated. Adam and Eve is a prime example of demonic deviance being instituted into a socially excepted teaching, the Christian bible (Pfohl 21). Eve was placed on the first half of the rode to complete demonic deviance, temptation. Eve was tempted by the serpent to commit an act against God. Eve was still given a choice it was Just under bible is such a pivotal part in inducing the social teachings of throughout society as well as today. (Gender systems of power) The other half of the rode in transition into total deviance is possession. Possession occurs when people have the inability to control his or her actions (Pfohl 22). This occurs in the extremes such as the Salem witch trials. Hundreds of people, predominantly women, were prosecuted for partaking in witchcraft. The actions of witches deviated so far from the hegemonic circle associated with that period that possession was placed as the explanation. This is an example of what is considered devil inhabiting the body and rendering you unable to make choices. The Christian demonology perspective is vague enough to give people an answer to the unexplainable at the time. It answered all forms of deviance from both extremes and everything in the middle ground. This reasoning behind these forms of deviance in itself creates a form of social control through the placement of a negative connotation of any form that is not present in societies ritualized circle. This will scare people from even attempting to leave the circle. When the idea of performing deviance is brought about then it are associated with the devil. Scare tactics such as public hanging internalizes this fear of deviant acts. God is taught to be this absolute being in whose is our creator. Society says that the deviance committed is a defile of God will. But who really know what Gods will is? Nobody knows the will of God but an interpretation of a man in power was able to spread his interpretation as absolute in the beliefs of what God wants. This is another facet of social control taken place during Christian demonology. The connection between the Christian demonology and state forms of power is very evident. Due to the time in which this perspective is established the state forms of power is intertwined with the perspective. The separation of church and state is has not come into play, even after the law was put into play it took decades to get rid of the integration of religion in making lawful decision. With the integration of religion in making it dictated laws that reflected the interpretation of the bible that majority followed. With this thought being instituted in such a wide spread form of social control it will sway people in the way of believing there interpretations of what is the correct and what is considered deviant. With such prevalent expression of what would happen if you were what was considered a deviant, one of two ways would make people follow that hegemonic circle. People would be socialized into believing this is the correct way to go about living. If people second-guessed this way of living, hen people would be to scared to deviate from the ritualized circle. The consequences of leaving this circle were so prevalent throughout society, such as public hangings. Law is such a strong form of social control to keep the societys interpretation of what is normal absolute. State forms of power played a huge role in keeping Christian demonology perspective in power through constantly regulating societys thoughts and keeping them in order. Christian demonology leaves the inability to fix a problem it is Just swept under the rug. With these supernatural forces at play there is no concrete way to fix them because they are seen as Just as the state forms of power are connected through the Christian demonology, a connection is made with gendered power. The dynamics of gender power favors that of the male from the beginning of Christian demonology the male has always been the one in favor. Eve was the one at fault in eating the forbidden fruit, she was the one associated with rode of deviance. Women have been held to a lower standard, the dominance has been held by males.